LET Reviewer: FACILITATING LEARNING, CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVT
FACILITATING LEARNING, CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVT
• The superego is primarily concerned with the idea of right or wrong,and is often viewed as “conscience” of personality, according to
Freud.
• Based on Erikson’s theory on psychological development, a child
who is cold towards the people around him failed in the basic goal
of “trust” in the stage “Trust vs. Mistrust”.
• Under Freud’s Phallic Stage in the Psychosexual Development
theory, a boy is closer to his mother (Oedipus Complex) and a girl is
closer to her father (Elektra Complex).
• Based on Piaget’s developmental stage, when a grade 1 pupil likes
to play with his friends, but gets angry when defeated is under Preoperational
Stage, which is characterized by egocentricism
• According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, when one is asked to
develop himself to the fullest, he is trying to satisfy his Self-
Actualization, wherein the person strives to develop himself to his
full potentials.
• According to Erikson, Piaget and Freud, play allows the child to learn
physical skills as well as social skills.
• A child that is 3-5 years old, according to Erikson, is Ego-centric.
• Children who are two years of age are labeled as “terrible two” by
Erikson because of the assertiveness and will of these
children,illustrated by using the word “No!”
• The factors affecting individual differences are age differences and
personal adjustments, sex differences, family and community
background, physical conditions, emotional response and attitudes
(EQ), and mental abilities and specific aptitudes (IQ).
• Stimulus-Response (S-R) or Association Theory of Learning states
that in every stimulus there is a corresponding response.
• The three fundamental laws of learning by theAssociation Theory
are the law of readiness, law of exercise and law of effect.
• Law of Readiness is when an individual is prepared to respond or act
whereallowing him to do so is satisfying, and preventing him would
be annoying.
• Law of Exercise is where the constant repetition of a response
strengthens its connection with the stimulus, while disuse of a
response weakens it.
• Law of Effects is where learning is strengthened if it results in
satisfaction, but is weakened if it leads to vexation or annoyance.
• The Theory of Condition of Learning states that the process of
learning consists of acquisition of new ways of reacting to stimuli
developed through attaching new stimuli developed through
attaching new stimuli to established modes of behavior.
• There are two types of conditioning theory, which are classical
condition and operant conditioning.
• Classical conditioning consists of eliciting a response by means of a
previously neutral or inadequate stimulus.
• Operant conditioning is a theory that believes one can train an
organism either by presenting him a reward or punishment as a
consequence of his actions.
• Social Learning Theory of Learning viewed that children’s learning
process involves observation and imitation.
• The Cognitive Field Theory of Learning defines learning as a
relativistic process by which a learner develops new insights and
changes the old ones.
• Insight learning of Cognitive Field Theory postulated that the more
intelligent the organism and the more experiences he has the more
capable he is of gaining higher insight.
• Vector and Topological Theory of Cognitive Field Theory states that
individuals exist on a field of forces within his environment that
move, change, and give him a degree stability and substance or
define his behavior.
• Gestalt Learning of Cognitive Field Theory states that learning
involves the catching, and generalization of insights, which often
are acquired first on a nonverbal level or the level of feeling and
may be verbalized later or may not be verbalized at all.
• Instrumental Conceptualism of Cognitive Field Theorybelieves that
learning is thinking and thinking is the process whereby one makes
sense out of the various and somehow unrelated facts through a
process called conceptualization or categorization.
• The Subsumption Theory by David Paul Ausubel considered that a
primary process in learning is subsumption in which new material is
related to relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on a
substansive, non-verbatim basis.
• The theory on Conditions of Learning or the Gagné Assumption sates
that different types of learning exist, and that different instructional
conditions are necessary for each type of learning
• The five major CATEGORIES OF LEARNING according to Gagné are
verbal information, intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor
skills and attitudes.
• Transfer of learning occurs when a person’s learning in one situation
influences his learning and performance in other situations.
• The major theories concerning TRANSFER OF LEARNINGare Mental
discipline, Apperception, Identical elements, Generalization,
andGestalt theory of transfer.
• Mental discipline asserts that education is largely a matter of training
or disciplining the mind with vigorous mental exercises n the classics,
grammar, logic, mathematics, and science on the assumption that
such training makes a person equally effective in all areas where a
given faculty is employed.
• Identical elements is the theory of transfer of implies that school
should list the aspects of situations that are important to the child
even out of the school or in later courses and teach the pupils to
cope with different identical experiences or situations in real life.
• Generalization by Charles Judd said that there are two levels or
kinds of knowledge –wrote learning or memorization without any
meaning and generalized knowledge with many intellectual
associations.
• Gestalt theory of transfer is the belief that when transfer of learning
occurs it is in the form of generalizations, concepts, or insights, which
are developed in one learning situation and employed in other
situations.
• Motivation is the stimulation of action toward a particular objective
where previously there was little or no action toward that goal.
• The two types of motivation are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
• Intrinsic motivation refers to the inherent or internal stimulus of
the individuals to learn.
• Extrinsic motivation is based on incentives, which are artificial
devices, which are employed to evoke attitude conducive to
learning.
• Insight learning is regarded as “serendipity” when an idea suddenly
strikes the mind and a solution to a problem is arrived at.
• Metacognition is where a teacher is attempting to develop the
student to think about their thinking, or to reason about one’s own
thinking.
• Instincts are under the mental dimension of Id according to Freud.
• According to Piaget, a child in the concrete operational stage cannot
imagine the steps necessary to complete an algebraic equation.
• Fear of something that was caused by a painful experience in the
past is an example of Classical Conditioning.
• Operant condition theory is illustrated in a child who tries to
complete all tasks given to him correctly to have a candy as a “reward.”
• Based on Thorndike’stheory that punishment will only weaken the
response and not permanently remove it, a child punished for
stealing money won’t steal in the near future but does not guarantee
that the child won’t steal anymore.
• The association and cognitive theories of learning are
complementary meaning they support each other in terms of
principles and practice.
• Rewarding a child for doing things correctly is a technique called
Reinforcement, where it is a behavioral consequence that
strengthens a behavior.
• A person possessing Interpersonal Intelligence is characterized by
“people-orientedness skills” and has a capacity to make people
laugh.
• Reading disability in children who is neglected and abused is related
to emotional factors.
• The brain’s ability to change from experience is known as Plasticity.
• John Watson’s quote, “Men are built not born” came from his belief
that environmental stimulation is directly affecting a person’s
development.
• Attention Deficit Disorder is usually characterized by impatience to
wait for his/her turn during games, disregard for rules and show
inability to delay gratification.
• A child who always fights with his/her classmates, who has a very
short attention span, and who has frequent tantrums is believed to
be suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
• A child who treats his friends aggressively due to his past experiences
with his father who is also aggressive is demonstrated by the Social
Cognitive theory.
• Based on Jung’s theory, a child who prefers to be alone is an
“Introvert”
• Based on Gestalt’s psychology that states, “the whole is more than
the sum of all its parts,” a piece of music may sound sad, but when
each note is played, there is nothing sad about it.
• Tabula Rasa or the belief that the mind is a “blank sheet” will make
the teacher conduct lessons that give sensory impressions because
the teacher believes that by doing so, he/she imprints salient inputs
in the students’ mind.
• Society is a group of individuals with well defined limits which
persists in time, thus enabling them to develop a set of common
ideas, attitudes, interact and of techniques for living and fitting
together.
• Group is a unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of
roles and status existing between them.
• The seven KINDS OF GROUPS, which are the primary group,
secondary group, in-group, out-group, peer group, reference group,
and voluntary associations.
• Social stratification is the system or process of assigning men their
respective ranks in a society based on income or wealth, education,
occupation, and lifestyle.
• Social mobility is the process of moving from one social stratus to
another, it ma either be horizontal, vertical, or lateral.
• Socialization is the process by which the individual acquires the social
and cultural heritage of his society.
• The three LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION are vegetative level, sentient
level and rational level.
• The Vegetative level of the socialization process is the stage
characterized by the preoccupation with food, where the desire is
primarily for survival.
• The Sentient level is geared towards the satisfaction of sensual
passions and desire.
• The Rational level is where a person has already acquired
morality and a sense of justice.
• Status is the position a person occupies in a society by virtue of his
age, birth, sex, marriage, occupation, and achievement.
• The two TYPES OF STATUS are ascribed and achieved.
• Ascribed status is a position assigned to an individual without
reference to his innate differences and abilities and is assigned at
birth.
• Achieved status is not assigned to an individual at birth, but is left
open for competition and individual effort.
• Role is the part that the individual is expected to play in his social
group and is the sum of the culture patterns associated with a
particular status.
• Social Deviations refers to the failure of the individual to play the
role expected from him by the society.
• Internalizations is the process of making an attitude or a practice a
part of one’s automatic and unthinking responses.
• Social order is the way the individual is expected to behave in a
society where he belongs in order to preserve and maintain the
tranquility of his social milieu.
• Social control is the means by which people are led to fill their
expected roles in the society even against their will just to achieve
social order.
• Anthropology is the study of human differences, cultural and
biological against the background of the nature all humans share.
• Culture is the complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief,
art, law, morals, customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired
by man as a member of society as defined by Edward B. Taylor.
• The two KINDS OF CULTURE are non-material culture and material
culture.
• Non-material culture is intangible, which includes beliefs, morals
laws, customs, traditions, folkways, mores, etc.
• Material culture is tangible and includes man’s technologies, etc.
• The CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE are it is learned, all people have
varied culture, it is a group product and it is transmitted.
• The importance of culture is that through the development of culture
man can set aside certain laws of nature to conform to his needs and
man can overcome his physical handicaps.
• Folkways are customary ways of behaving, which have become
habitual and repetitive to an individual group such as caring for the
elders and saying “po” and “opo”.
• Mores occurs when folkways become compulsive for the welfare of
the society and it has acquired moral significance, where failure to
conform to this results to ostracism or condemnation.
• Sub-culture refers to the attitude of a certain group to deviate from
the habitual practices of the majority.
• Cultural relativism refers to the practices considered immoral or
taboo to a certain group of people, yet moral to other societies,
including polygamy and pre-marital sex.
• Culture shock is the term used to denote the feeling of depression,
often expressed as homesickness, caused by living in a foreign
environment.
• Cultural values refer to the collective ethical, aesthetics and religious
values of the community including artistic inclination, poetry, music,
painting, literature, and such other practices, which the entire society
considers as vital elements of their existence.
• Filipino cultural values that makes the Filipino unique and distinct
from other peoples of the world includes non-rationalism, emotional
closeness and security of the family, authority, economic and social
improvement, utangnaloob, personalism, indolence, ningaskugon,
mañana habit, hospitality, and fiesta syndrome.
• Non-rationalism is a Filipino cultural value that is the tendency to
perceive thoughts, objects, events, and persons as sacred.
• NON-RATIONALISM includes animism, fatalism, social acceptance,
pakikisama, euphemism, and go-between.
• Emotional closeness and security of the family is a Filipino cultural
value, which means there is a mutual dependence among relatives,
granting special favors or privileges among the immediate or even
distant relatives.
• Authority refers to the emphasis on the power and importance of
authority figure.
• Economic and social improvement is the desire to improve the
standard of living of his family and his hometown.
• Utangnaloob means sense of gratitude.
• Personalism emphasizes the importance of the person with whom
one has immediate face-to-face contact and connection, which
includes pakiusap, lagay, areglo, and palakasan.
• Indolence means laziness.
• Ningaskugon means great enthusiasm at the beginning of a task but
gradually fades.
• Mañana habit refers to procrastination or putting for tomorrow what
can be done today.
• Hospitality means cordially entertaining guests and visitors even to
the point of sacrificing their own welfare.
• Fiesta syndrome refers to the lavish spending during fiestas and
other occasions.
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