LET Reviewer: MAPEH (Music) SOUTHEAST ASIAN MUSIC
SOUTHEAST ASIAN MUSIC
CAMBODIA
• Cambodia - officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, one of the most beautiful countries in Southeast Asia.• It is also known as Kâmpŭchéa. It was the center of the Khmer (Cambodian) kingdom of Angkor, a great empire that dominated Southeast Asia for 600 years.
• ANGKOR WAT (A Hindu Temple)
• Cambodian court music is roughly similar to that of Java, Indonesia. They feature choruses with large orchestras based on struck keys and gongs.
• Cambodian people also absorbed and adopted Indian, Chinese, European, and other cultures to suit their own traditions and tastes that resulted in a distinct Cambodian culture.
• The Pinpeat is a Cambodian musical ensemble or an orchestra that usually accompanies ceremonial music of the royal courts and temples. Music is always part of their court dances, masked plays, shadow plays, and religious ceremonies.
INDONESIA
• Indonesia is an archipelago in Southeast Asia comprising approximately 17,500 islands.• With over 238 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth most populous country and is the fourth biggest
nation of the world.
• Through interaction with other cultures such as Indian, Arabic, Chinese and European, a wide range of musical styles has been developed.
• Today the contemporary music of Indonesia is popular not only in the region but also in the neighboring countries. BOROBUDUR (the world's largest Buddhist temple)
• Indonesia Jakarta, is the capital and largest city of Indonesia, and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world.
• There are two basic kinds of Indonesian music scale:
• Slendro – five (5) equidistant tones in octave
• Peloq – heptatonic (7) tone scale with semi tone
• Both vocal and instrumental music in Indonesia use slendro and peloq scales. • Polyphonic stratification kind of melody is a result of hocket/Interlock. • Interlocking is a common technique used in gong ensembles.
• Irama (is an Indonesian term for tempo)
• GAMELAN- the Gamelan or Gamelan orchestra is the most popular form of music in Indonesia. There are many types of Gamelan but the most famous are Javanese and Balinese Gamelan. It contains a variety of instruments such as metallophones, xylophones, kendang and gongs; bamboo flutes, bowed and plucked strings.
• JAVANESE Used for court music Percussion dominated Style of playing gives solemn character
• BALINESE Used for sacred music Consist of metallophone and mostly gongs Sudden change in tempo and dynamics are the basic characteristics. Sounds are very bright and brilliant Use of fast and rattling sounds of cymbals makes distinctive characters
• Pesindhen is a female soloist singer who sings with a Gamelan
• Gerong refers to the unison male chorus that sings with the gamelan
• Karawitan is the term for every kind of gamelan music in Java.
• Gamelan orchestras - are used to accompany dances, songs, and Wayang Kulit; - are believed to possess supernatural powers; Gamelan orchestras - consider their instruments sacred, therefore stepping over the instrument is a sign of disrespect; - musicians bow before playing the instruments to show respect.
MYANMAR
• Myanmar was known as Burma until 1989. The music of Myanmar has similarities with many other musical traditions in the region, including Chinese music and Thai music, probably because its longest land border is shared with China.• The capital of Myanmar, Yangon (Rangoon) is known for the most famous stupa in the country, the Shwedagon Pagoda, along with a temple complex around it.
• (These stupas are a couple thousand years older than the city itself.)
• The Hsaing Waing is Myanmar’s traditional folk music ensemble. It is made up mainly of different gongs and drums as well as other instruments depending on the nature of the performance.
• Myanmar’s musical instruments are categorized into 2 types, the loud sounding and soft sounding. The loud sounding instruments are performed in open-air ensembles at ceremonies and festivals. Most of the Hsaing Waing instruments belong to the loud sounding category.
• "H'ne“ a multiple reed oboe with a remarkable crooked form.
• Pat Wain
• Kyi Waing (circular frame) Maung Hsaing (rectangular frame) “si” (brass cymbals) “wa” (castanets)
• For more formal and classical performances that are performed indoors, the ensemble may be accompanied by the saung gauk the national instrument of (13-string angular harp with soft sound) Myanmar, the pattala (Burmese xylophone), or the piano and violin, both introduced during colonial rule.
• SAUNG GAUK- the body of the saung gauk is made of padauk, the famous Myanmar mahogany, the flat bar is made of cutch wood, it is covered with the leather of a female deer and the strings are made of silk.
MALAYSIA
• Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.• Malaysia is divided into 2 regions: 1. West Malaysia – also known as Peninsular Malaysia. 2. East Malaysia – consists of 13 states and 3 federal territories.
• The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a large role in developing their culture. The constitution declares Islam, the state religion while protecting freedom of religion.
• Multi-racial groups that influenced Malaysia’s music genre: 1. Malay 2. Chinese 3. Indian 4. Iban 5. Dayak 6. Kadazandusun 7. Eurasians
• Malaysia Kuala Lumpur is the federal capital and most populous city in Malaysia.
• Malaysia The music of Malaysia may be categorized into 2 types: 1. Classical and Folk music emerged during the pre-colonial period and still exists in the form of vocal, dance, and theatrical music. 2. Syncretic or Acculturated music developed during the post-Portuguese period (16th century).
• Musical instruments of Malaysia are greatly associated with their culture and roots. Due to colonization, the stages of development of Malaysian instruments are great. They share some common features with Indian musical instruments. After the colonization of Malaysia by the British, the musical development was influenced by Western
• Musical Ensemble and Types of Performances in Malaysia
• 1. Agung and Kulintang is a gong-based musical ensemble commonly used in funerals and weddings in East Malaysia. This type of ensemble is similar to the kulintang of the Philippines, Brunei, and Indonesia.
• 2. Kertok is a musical ensemble from the Malay Peninsula that consists of xylophones played swiftly and rhythmically in traditional Malay functions.
• 3. Dikir Barat This is a type of musical form that is important to Malaysia’s national culture. It is performed by singing in groups and often in a competitive manner usually with percussion instrumental accompaniment or sometimes without instruments at all.
• 4. Silat Melayu This is a form of martial art that is similar to t’ai chi. It originated in the Malay Peninsula since the Christian Era and is a mixture of martial arts, dance, and music usually accompanied by gongs, drums, and Indian oboes.
THAILAND
• Thailand was formerly known as Siam.• Thailand is known for being the sole nation in Southeast Asia that has never been ruled by a Western power. It is for this reason that the country is also called “Muang Thai”, which means “Land of the Free”.
• Thailand History and geography indicates that Thai music is a conglomeration of Asian influences. Its musical principles and elements are basically derived from Chinese music, while its musical instruments are inspired from the Indian and Indonesian strings and gong- chimes. The Thais combined and adapted these to their culture and created their own unique music.
• Thailand Bangkok is the capital and the most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply Krung Thep.
• Thailand Music is theoretically based on the five-tone or seven-tone scale system. It is not only confined to the royal courts but is also used extensively in dance, theatre, and in ceremonies.
• Thai folk music consists of simple songs with simple melodic lines. Its main focus in singing is the articulation of the text rather than the style or technique of execution.
• Songs of Thailand have inherently poetic lyrics which allow a singer or performer to easily define the melodic lines. It provides the singer the opportunity to improvise song text to suit the given occasion.
• Thailand has three primary instrumental ensembles that are similar to the other ensembles in Southeast Asia.
• Thailand has three primary instrumental ensembles that are similar to the other ensembles in Southeast Asia.
• Thailand’s Instrumental Ensemble
• 1. Piphat It is a mid-sized orchestra that is performed in either outdoor style with hard mallets or indoor style with padded mallets. This ensemble has different types but the highly ornate one is traditionally associated with funerals and cremation ceremonies.
• Other versions of the Piphat ensemble are used to accompany specific forms of traditional Thai drama such as the large shadow puppet theatre (nang yai) and the khon dance drama.
• 2. Khrueang Sai It is an orchestra that combines some of the percussion and wind instruments of the Piphat with an expanded string section. This group is primarily used for indoor performances and for the accompaniment of stick-puppet theater.
• 3. Mahori This ensemble is traditionally played by women in the courts of Central Thailand and Cambodia. Because of this, instruments for this ensemble are historically smaller. However, regular-sized instruments are used today.
• A vocalist performing with the Mahori is usually accompanied by the so sam sai.
LAOS
• Laos is an independent state of Southeast Asia and officially known as Lao People’s Democratic Republic. It isformerly part of the Indochinese Union, also known as French Indochina.
• Wat Pha That Luang, in Vientiane is one of the famous landmarks in Laos.
• The royal entourage of Lao kings traditionally included musicians, and a typical orchestra improvised songs with sets of tuned gongs, xylophones, a bamboo flute, and other wind instruments.
• The Lao orchestra can be divided into two categories: 1. Sep Nyai - This is similar to the Piphat of Thailand with instruments that are strictly percussive but also integrates the use of an oboe.
• The Lao orchestra can be divided into two categories: 2. Sep Noi – This is also known as the Mahori of Thailand. However, it incorporates the use of several Khene which is a large bamboo mouth organ and is the most popular folk music instrument of Laos.
• Traditional music, called Mor lam, is largely based around the khene.
VIETNAM
• Vietnam is officially known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. This country is located on the eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula.• Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam
• Vietnamese music (nhạc Việt Nam) refers to the ethnic music that originated from the "Kinh" people of Vietnam. This term is also used to address the music of any of the numerous ethnic minorities including the Montagnard, Degar, Tay, Cham, and others.
• Vietnamese music shows signs of Indian influences, noticeable in improvisation preludes of chamber music (known as rao in the South and dao in the north) as well as usage of onomatopoeia in drum playing.
• Vietnam Vietnamese traditional music can be separated into a few major categories, divided predominantly by the way in which were used in the people's cultural lives.
• Categories of Vietnamese Music
• 1. Imperial court music the most popular of this kind is the Nha nhac that was popularly performed during the Tran Dynasty to the Nguyen Dynasty. This form of classical music is also performed in honor of the gods and scholars in temples.
• Imperial court music Other classical music falling into this category include the Dai Nhac (“great music”) and the Tieu Nhac (“small music”) which was performed as chamber music for the king.
• 2. Folk music This category is extremely diverse because it includes music performed both indoors and outdoors. Performers of this category are also diverse. They may be professional musicians down to the blind artists in the streets who perform to earn their living. Folk music Vietnamese folk music is performed in different occasions depending on its sub-category. It may be performed in musical theaters, streets, courtship rituals, and ceremonies for invoking spirits. Some Vietnamese music only makes use of female singers and some have both male and female singers.
• 3. Religious and Ceremonial music this is music performed in religious rituals or at funerals.
SINGAPORE
• Singapore the Republic of Singapore is an independent republic in Southeast Asia, comprised of one main island and about 50 small adjacent islands off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.• About three-fourths of the people of Singapore, known as Singaporeans, are Chinese, but there are significant Malay and Indian minorities.
• Singapore’s cultural life reflects its colonization by the British Empire and its diverse population. Being the melting pot of different cultures in Asia, folk music of this country reflects the culture and traditions of specific groups.
• Through the years, the music industry in Singapore grew having Western- influenced performances by the Singapore Symphony Orchestra as well as ethnic music performances mainly by the Singapore Chinese Orchestra. Other performing groups with Malay and Indian influence are still prevalent until today.
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