LET Reviewer: THEORIES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
🐝🌻SIGMUND FREUD believes that all human beings pass through a series of Psychosexual Development. This theory includes pleasure-giving bodies per stages and may result to “fixation” if cannot be able to move on
🌷The Psychosexual Development Theory
🌾1. Oral
From birth to 18 months
Overstimulation - Gullible, Easy to be fooled
Understimulation - Mistrust, alcoholic drinker, smoker and gossiper
Charactersitics - Mouth is the center of pleasure and major source of gratification and exploration
🌾2. Anal Stage (toilet training)
18 months to 3 years
Overstimulation - Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder, too obedient
Understimulation - Messy, clumsy, disobedient and rebellious
Charactersitics - Anus and bladder as pleasure-giving bodies
🌾3. PHALLIC (Penis)
3-6 years old
Overstimulation - Pervert
Understimulation - Frigid impotence, too shy
Charactersitics - Genitalia as the source of pleasure (masturbation). Develops Elektra and Oedipus complex
🌾4. LATENCY (school age)
6- puberty
Overstimulation - Workaholic
Understimulation -Failing grades
Charactersitics - Energy directed to physical and intellectual activities. Sexual responses are repressed. Normal homosexual stage (relationship with same sex or “barkada”
🌾5. GENITAL
Puberty onwards
Charactersitics - Energy towards full sex maturity. Reappearance of Oedipus and Elektra complex but directed to opposite sex
🌷*Oedipus Complex means that the son is more into the mother while Elektra Complex means that the daughter is more into the father.
🌷*Overstimulation means that when the child during the given age of a particular stage is given something too much may result to something negative. For example, during the Oral stage, if the baby doesn‟t need a breastfeed but the mother still gives him milk he will become too used to it resulting to being gullible when he grow up. On the other hand, if the baby is understimulated or wants milk to the point that he/she is crying but the mother always ignore him/her, then the baby will grow up as if he/she always wanted to have something in his mouth for he/she was deprived of it. This may result for him/her to be a drinker, a smoker or gossiper.
Sigmund Freud also developed the differences between our id, ego, and superego.
🌷EGO (moral principle; conscience) SUPEREGO (reality principle; balances id and ego) ID (evil; the “I” principle; self-centered)
Teachers should be aware of the Psychosexual Development Theory in order for us to fully understand why some of our pupils/students behave the way they do
🐝🌻ERIK ERIKSON proposed the Psychosocial Development Theory. According to him under this theory, crisis must be resolved in order to develop a healthy direction. Take note that the focus on Psychosocial Development Theory is an important sociocultural determinance of human development.
🌷The Psychosocial Development Theory
🌾1. Infancy
Psychosocial conflict: Trust VS Mistrust
Task: attachment to the mother/caregiver
If successful: trust in persons/faith and hope about the environment and future
If unsuccessful: difficulties in relating to persons effectively. Fear of the future
🌾 2. Toddlerhood (18 months – 3 years)
Psychosocial conflict: Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt
Task: gaining some basic control over self and environment
If successful: sense of self-control
If unsuccessful: severe feeling of self-doubt. Always thinking that he cannot do something.
🌾3. Preschool Age (3 – 6 years)
Psychosocial conflict: Initiative VS Guilt
Task: children areasked to assume more responsibilities, becoming purposeful and directive
If successful: ability to initiate one‟s activities
If unsuccessful: sense of inadequacy/guilt
🌾4.School Age (6 – 12 years)
Psychosocial conflict: Industrious VS Inferiority
Task: developing social, physical and learning skills
If successful: competence and ability to work and learn
If unsuccessful: sense of inferiority or difficulty in working and learning
🌾5. Adolescence period (12 – 20 years)
Psychosocial conflict: Identity VS Role Confusion
Task: developing sense of identity
If successful: sense of personal identity
If unsuccessful: role confusion
🌾6. Young Adulthood (20 – 35 years)
Psychosocial conflict: Intimacy VS Isolation
Task: establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship
If successful: ability to love deeply and commit oneself
If unsuccessful: emotional isolation, egocentric (self-directed)
🌾7. Middle Adulthood (35 -65 years)
Psychosocial conflict: Generativity VS Stagnation
Task: fulfilling life goals (family, career, society)
If successful: ability to give and care for others
If unsuccessful: self-absorption, inability to grow as a person
🌾8. Late Adulthood (65 years – death)
Psychosocial conflict: Integrity VS Despair
Task: looking back over one‟s life.
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